Utopian fiction is the creation of a ideal world as the setting for a novel. Dystopian fiction is the opposite: creation of a nightmare world. Both are commonly found in science fiction novels and stories.
The word utopia was first used in this context by Thomas More in his work Utopia; literally it means "nowhere". In this work, More sets out a vision of an ideal society. Other examples include Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, and B.F. Skinner's Walden Two.
For examples of dystopias, see George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, any of William Gibson's novels.
A subgenre of this is ecotopian fiction[?], where the author posits either a utopian or dystopian world revolving around environmental conservation or destruction. Ernest Callenbach[?]'s Ecotopia was the first example of this, followed by Kim Stanley Robinson in his California trilogy. Robinson has also edited a collection of short ecotopian fiction, called Future Primitive: The New Ecotopias.
Another important subgenre are feminist utopias, for example Marge Piercy[?]'s novel Woman On the Edge of Time.
See also: Utopia, Dystopia
