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Upholder class submarine
The Upholder-class submarines were diesel-electric
hunter-killer (SSK) submarines designed in the late
1970s to supplement the Royal Navy's nuclear submarine force.
That force was intended to comprise 18 nuclear-powered attack boats (SSNs)
and four ballistic missile boats (SSBNs), but construction of the SSNs fell
behind schedule, and the construction plans were altered to include ten
modern SSKs as well. The price of each was intended to be about one-third
that of one of the SSNs, and was finally published at US$215 million, but
actual cost after correcting the design flaws was higher.
The design included an updated version of the fire-control system being
installed on the SSNs under construction at the same time, a state-of-the-art French passive sonar system, the then-current towed array, and a micro-puffs passive ranging set.
A large double-armature motor was powered by a 9000-amp-hour battery or a
pair of Paxsman Velenta diesel engines. Slow patroling would require
only 30 to 60 minutes of snorkling per day; an eight-knot
transit would require snorkling some 30% of the time. Top
speed matched any comparable SSK class and could be sustained for some 90
minutes.
However, the design did contain flaws. It was highly automated to reduce
manning, and the weapon-discharge system that controlled the operations of
the torpedo tubes could, under certain conditions, open the torpedo tube slide valve while the rear door was open. Had such an event actually
occurred, unrestricted flooding would have resulted.
Miscalculations were made in the design of the main motor. During sea trials of the lead ship[?] of the class, it was noticed
that an emergency reversal ("crash back") would generate currents of
more than 60,000 amps, which resulted in catastrophic and spectacular
complete loss of propulsion.
The diesels were originally designed for use in railway locomotives, and
were not intended to be rapidly stopped and started. Shutting them down
after snorkling led to many failures. Similarly, the motor-generators
were operated a full power for longer than expected, and consumed brushes
and filters rapidly.
Acceptance of the class into service was delayed for three years while such
problems were corrected. The result of those corrections, however, was an
extremely capable design. When operating on battery, Upholders were
almost undetectable on passive sonar, and when snorkling, their acoustic
signature was comparable to their SSN contemporaries in normal operation.
They were physically small, and thus difficult to detect by magnetic
anomaly or other non-acoustic means.
A local area network was built into the Upholders, supporting most
of the sensors and fire-control systems, including remote viewing through
the periscopes using both low-light television and infrared, an unmanned
helm, and direct control of the main motor from the conn. The boat could
fight with a team of four in the sound room and a conn team of eight.
Fire-suppression in unmanned compartments could be initiated remotely,
and watch-keeping logs were automatically recorded. In port, the boats
could be electronically linked such that one duty watchstander could
monitor several submarines.
In 1993, HM Government decided to halt construction with only four boats launched, and furthermore to decommission the four in service.
In 2002, Canada accepted the four Upholders as replacements
for their old O-class submarines. One will operate in the Pacific fleet,
three in the Atlantic.
- Displacement: 1850 tons surfaced, 2400 tons submerged
- Length: 70.3 meters
- Beam: 7.2 meters
- Height: 7.6 meters
- Engines: two Paxman Valenta 16 RPA diesel generators, 4070 horsepower
- Motor-Generators: two GEC, 5000 kilowatts
- Speed: 12 knots surfaced, 20+ knots submerged
- Armament: six 21-inch torpedo tubes, 18 torpedoes
- Range: 10,000 nautical miles at 12 knots
- Complement: seven officers, 40 men
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