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Tournament
Tournament, or Tourney (Fr. tournement, tournoi,
Med. Lat. torneamentum, from tourner, to turn), the name popularly
given in the middle ages to a species of mock fight, so called owing
to the rapid turning of the horses (Skeat). Of the several medieval
definitions of the tournament given by Du Cange (Glossarium,
s.v. "Tourneamentum "), the best is that of Roger of Hoveden[?], who
described tournaments as "military exercises carried out, not in the
spirit of hostility (nullo -interveniente odio), but solely for
practice and the display of prowess (pro solo exercitio, atque
ostentatione virium)." Men who carry weapons have in all ages played
at the game of war in time of peace. But the tournament, properly so
called, does not appear in Europe before the 11th century, in spite of
those elaborate fictions of Ruexner's Thurnierbuch which detail the
tournament laws of Henry the Fowler. More than one chronicler records
the violent death, in 1066, of a French baron named Geoffroi de
Preulli, who, according to the testimony of his contemporaries,
"invented tournaments." In England, at least, the tournament was
counted a French fashion, I'i'Iatthew Paris calling it conflict us
gallicus.
By the 12th century the tournament had grown so popular in England
that King Henry II found it necessary to forbid the sport which gathered
in one place so many barons and knights in arms. In that age we have
the famous description by William FitzStephen of the martial games of
the Londoners in Smithfield. He tells how on Sundays in Lent a noble
train of young men would take the field well mounted, rushing out of
the city with spear and shield to ape the feats of war. Divided into
parties, one body would retreat, while another pursued striving to
unhorse them. The younger lads, he says, bore javelins disarmed of
their steel, by which we may know that the weapon of the elders was
the headed lance. William of Newbury tells us how the young knights,
balked of their favourite sport by the royal mandate, would pass over
sea to win glory in foreign lists Richard I relaxed his father's
order, granting licences for tournaments, and Jocelin of Brakelond has
a long story of the great company of cavaliers who held a tournament
between Thetford and Bury St Edmunds in defiance of the abbot. From
that time onward unlicensed tourneying was treated as an offence
against the Crown, which exacted heavy fees from all taking part in
them even when a licence had been obtained. Often the licence was
withheld, as in 1255, when the king's son's grave peril in Gascony is
alleged as a reason for forbidding a meeting. In 1299 life and limb
were declared to be forfeit in the case of those who should arrange a
tourney without the royal licence, and offenders were to be seized
with horse and harness. As the tournament became an occasion for
pageantry and feasting, new reason was given for restraint: a simple
knight might beggar himself over a sport which risked costly horses
and carried him far afield. Jousters travelled from land to land, like
modern cricketers on their tours, offering and accepting
challenges. Thus Edward I[?], before coming to the throne, led eighty
knights to a tournament on the Continent. Before the jousts at Windsor
on St George's Day[?] in 1344 heralds[?] published in France, Scotland,
Burgundy, Hainault, Flanders, Brabant and the domains of the emperor
the king's offer of safe conduct for competitors. At the weddings of
princes and magnates and at the crowning of kings the knights gathered
to the joustings, which had become as much a part of such high ceremonies as the banquet and the minstrelsy. The fabled glories of the Round Table[?] were revived by princely hosts, who would assemble a gallant company to keep open
house and hold the field againvt all corners, as did Mortimer[?], the
queen's lover, when, on the eve of his fall, he brought all the
chivalry of the land to the place where he held his Round Table. About
1292 the "Statute of Arms for Tournaments" laid down, "at the request
of the earls and barons and of the knighthood of England," new laws
for the game. Swords with points were not to be used, nor pointed
daggers, nor club nor mace. None was to raise up a fallen knight but
his own appointed squires[?], clad in his device[?]. The squire who offended
was to lose horse and arms and lie three years in gaol. A northern
football crowd would understand the rule that forbade those coming to
see the tournament to wear harness or arm themselves with
weapons. Disputes were to be settled by a court of honour[?] of princes
and earls. That such rules were needful had been shown at Rochester
in 1251, where the foreign knights were beaten by the English and so
roughly handled that they fled to the city for refuge. On their way
the strangers were faced by another company of knights who handled
them roughly and spoiled them, thrashing them with staves in revenge
for the doings at a Brackley tournament. Even as early as the [[13th
century]] some of these tournaments were mere pageants of horsemen. For
the Jousts of Peace held at Windsor Park[?] in 1278 the sword-blades are
of whalebone and parchment, silvered; the helms[?] are of boiled leather
and the shields of light timber. But the game could make rough
sport. Many a tournament had its tale of killed and wounded in the
chronicle books. We read how Roger of Lemburn struck Arnold de
Montigny dead with a lance thrust under the helm. The first of the
Montagu earls of Salisbury died of hurts taken at a Windsor jousting,
and in those same lists at Windsor the earl's grandson Sir William
Montagu was killed by his own father. William Longéspee in 1256 was
so bruised that he never recovered his strength, and he is among many
of whom the like is written. Blunted or "rebated" lance-points came
early into use, and by the 14th century the coronall or cronell head
was often fitted in place of the point. After 1400 the armourers began
to devise harness with defences specially wrought for service in the
lists. But the joust lost its chief perils with the invention of the
tilt, which, as its name imports, was at first a cloth stretched along
the length of the lists. The cloth became a stout barrier of timber,
and in the early 16th century the knight ran his course at little
risk. Locked up in steel harness, reinforced with the grand-guard and
the other jousting pieces, he charged along one side of this barrier,
seeing little more through the pierced sight-holes of the helm than
the head and shoulders of his adversary. His bridle arm was on the
tilt-side, and thus the blunted lance struck at an angle upon the
polished plates. Mishaps might befall Henry II of France died from
the stroke of Gabriel de Montgomeri, who failed to cast up in time the
truncheon of his splintered lance. But the 16th-century tournament
was, in the main, a bloodless meeting.
The 15th century had seen the mingling of the tournament and the
pageant. Adventurous knights would travel far afield in time of peace
to gain worship in conflicts that perilled life and limb, as when the
Bastard of Burgundy met the Lord Scales in 1466 in West Smithfield
under the fair and costly galleries crowded with English dames. On the
first day the two ran courses with sharp spears; on the second day
they tourneyed on horseback, sword in hand; on the third day they met
on foot with heavy pole-axes[?]. But the great tournament held in the
market-place of Bruges, when the jousting of the Knights of the Fleece
was part of the pageant of the Golden Tree, the Giant and the Dwarf,
may stand as a magnificent example of many such gay gatherings. When
Henry VIII of England. was scattering his father's treasure the pageant had
become an elaborate masque. For two days after the crowning of the
king at Westminster, Henry and his queen viewed from the galleries of
a fantastic palace set up beside the tilt-yard a play in which deer
were pulled down by greyhounds in a paled park, in which the Lady
Diana and the Lady Pallas came forward, embowered in moving castles, to
present the champions. Such costly shows fell out of fashion after the
death of Henry VIII; and in England the tournament remained, until
the end, a martial sport. Sir Henry Lee rode as Queen Elizabeth's
champion in the tilt-yard of Whitehall until his years forced him to
surrender the gallant office to that earl of Cumberland who wore the
Queen's glove pinned to the flap of his hat. But in France the
tournament lingered on until it degenerated to the carrousel[?], which,
originally a horseman's game in which cavaliers pelted each other with
balls, became an unmartial display when the French king and his
courtiers pranced in such array as the wardrobe-master of the court
ballets would devise for the lords of md and Africk.
The tournament was, from the first, held to be a sport for men of
noble birth, and on the Continent, where nobility was more exactly
defined than in England, the lists were jealously closed to all
combatants but those of the privileged class. In the German lands,
questions as to the purity of the strain of a candidate for admission
to a noble chapter[?] are often settled by appeal to the fact that this
or that ancestor had taken part in a tournament. Konrad Grunenberg's
famous heraldic manuscript shows us the Helmsc/iau that came before
the German tournament of the 15th century--the squires carrying each
his master's crested helm, and a little scutcheon of arms hanging from
it, to the hall where the king of arms stands among the ladies and,
wand in hand, judges each blazon. In England several of those few
rolls of arms[?] which have come down to us from the middle ages record
the shields displayed at certain tournaments.
based largely on an article from 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica
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