Yuan Dynasty

Redirected from Mongol Empire The Yuan Dynasty (In Mongolian: Yeke Mongghul-un Yuwan Ulus; 元朝) (1271-1368), also called the Mongol Dynasty, followed the Song Dynasty and preceded the Ming Dynasty in China.

In 1231, Korea fell into Mongol hands, which later used as a base for invading Japan. In 1279, Guangzhou fell into Mongol hands, which marks the end of the Southern Song[?] and the onset of China under the Mongol. The government employed a classic Chinese administration system except the Imperial Examination, conscripted labor[?], a postal service, and religous toleration. Highly military or bureaucratic positions were held for Mongols or those from Central Asians. Given the unified rule of central Asia, trades between East and West flourished.

It is not clear when the Yuan Dynasty ended. From the heavily ideological Chinese view, it was overthrown in 1368 when the Mongols were driven away from China proper. However the dynasty still lasted in Mongolia. In 1388 the throne was took over by Yesüder, a descendant of Arigh Bugha. Getting through the turbulent period, descendants of Khubilai were restored to the throne. When Lingdan Khan[?], the last grand-Khan of the Mongols, died on his way to Tibet in 1634, his son Ejei surrendered to the Manchu and gave the great seal of the Yuan Dynasty to Hong Taiji. As a result, Hong Taiji established the new dynasty of Qing as the successor of the Yuan Dynasty in 1636. In short the Yuan Dynasty lasted until 1636.

Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Khan Names	Born Names, first names in bold	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use first name (e.g. Temujin) or Khan names for khans before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan.
Note: 1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to retore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia.
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Genghis Khan	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Temujin|孛兒只斤鐵木真 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tie3 mu4 zhen1	1206-1227	Did not exist
Rui Zong (睿宗 rui4 zong1)	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	?	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Tolui|孛兒只斤拖雷 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tuo1 lei2	1228	Did not exist
Tai Zong|太宗 tai4 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Ogedei Khan	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Ogedei|孛兒只斤窩闊台 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 wo1 kuo4 tai2	1229-1241	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	?	Töregene Khâtûn|乃馬真 nai3 ma3 zhen1	regent 1241-1246	Did not exist
Ding Zong|定宗 ding4 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Güyük Khan	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Güyük|孛兒只斤貴由 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 gui4 yuo2	1246-1248	Did not exist
Did not exist	Did not exist	?	Oghul Ghaymish|海米失 hai3 mi3 shi1	regent 1248-1251	Did not exist
Xian Zong|憲宗 xian4 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Möngke Khan	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Möngke|孛兒只斤蒙哥 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 meng2 ge1	1251-1259	Did not exist
Shi Zu|世祖 shi4 zu3	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Kublai Khan	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Kublai|孛兒只斤忽必烈 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 hu1 bi4 lie4	1260-1294	Zhongtong (中統 zhong1 tong3) 1260-1264 Zhiyuan (至元 zhi4 yuan2) 1264-1294
Cheng Zong|成宗 cheng2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Temür Öljeytü Khân	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Temür|孛兒只斤鐵木耳 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tie3 mu4 er2	1295-1307	Yuanzhen (元貞 yuan2 zhen1) 1295-1297 Dade (大德 da4 de2) 1297-1307
Wu Zong|武宗 cheng2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Qayshan Gülük	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Qayshan|孛兒只斤海山 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 hai3 shan1	1308-1311	Zhida (至大 zhi4 da4) 1308-1311
Ren Zong|仁宗 ren2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Ayurparibhadra	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Ayurparibhadra|孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 ai4 yu4 li2 ba2 li4 ba1 da2	1312-1320	Huangqing (皇慶 huang2 qing4) 1312-1313 Yanyou (延祐 yan2 you4) 1314-1320
Ying Zong|英宗 ying1 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Suddhipala Gege'en	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Suddhipala|孛兒只斤碩德八剌 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 shuo4 de2 ba1 la2	1321-1323	Zhizhi (至治 zhi4 zhi4) 1321-1323
Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝|yuan2 tai4 ding4 di4.
Jin Zong|晉宗 jin4 zong1	Tai Ding Di|泰定帝 tai4 ding4 di4	Yesün-Temür	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Yesün-Temür|孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 ye3 sun1 tie3 mu4 er2	1321-1328	Taiding (泰定 tai4 ding4) 1321-1328 Zhihe (致和 zhi4 he2) 1328
Did not exist	Tian Shun Di|天順帝 tian1 shun4 di4	Arigaba	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Arigaba|孛兒只斤阿速吉八 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 a1 su4 ji2 ba1	1328	Tianshun (天順 tian1 shun4) 1328
Wen Zong|文宗 wen2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Jijaghatu Toq-Temür	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Toq-Temür|孛兒只斤圖鐵木兒 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tu2 tie3 mu4 er2	1328-1329 and 1329-1332	Tianli (天曆 tian1 li4) 1328-1330 Zhishun (至順 zhi4 shun4) 1330-1332
Ming Zong|明宗 ming2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Qoshila Qutuqtu	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Qoshila|孛兒只斤和世剌 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 he2 shi4 la4	1329	Did not exist 1329
Ning Zong|寧宗 ning2 zong1	Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign	Irinchibal	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Irinchibal|孛兒只斤懿璘質班 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 yi4 lin2 zhi2 ban1	1332	Zhishun (至順 zhi4 shun4) 1332
Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name.
Hui Zong|惠宗 hui4 zong1	Shun Di|順帝 shun4 di4	Toghan-Temür	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Toghan-Temür|孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tuo3 huan1 tie3 mu4 er2	1333-1370	Zhishun (至順 zhi4 shun4) 1333 Yuantong (元統 yuan2 tong3) 1333-1335 Zhiyuan (至元 zhi4 yuan2) 1335-1340 Zhizheng (至正 zhi4 zheng4) 1341-1368 Zhiyuan (至元 zhi4 yuan2) 1368-1370

Yuan Dynasty (after expelled from China by Ming in 1368) 1368 - mid 14th century

Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4)	Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 )	Khan Names	Born Names	Period of Reigns	Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use khan names or born names.
Note: 1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to retore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia.
Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name.
Hui Zong|惠宗 hui4 zong1 (same person as the last Yuan emperor in China)	Shun Di|順帝 shun4 di4	Toghan-Temür	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Toghan-Temür|孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tuo3 huan1 tie3 mu4 er2	1333-1370	Zhishun (至順 zhi4 shun4) 1333 Yuantong (元統 yuan2 tong3) 1333-1335 Zhiyuan (至元 zhi4 yuan2) 1335-1340 Zhizheng (至正 zhi4 zheng4) 1341-1368 Zhiyuan (至元 zhi4 yuan2) 1368-1370
Zhao Zong|昭宗 zhao1 zong1	Did not exist	Biliketu Khan?	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Ayushilidrala ? |孛兒只斤愛育識里達臘 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 ai4 yu4 shi4 li3 da2 la4	1370-1378	Xuanguang (宣光 xuan1 guang1) 1371-1378
Did not exist	Did not exist	Usahar Khan?	Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin Togus-Temür|孛兒只斤脫古思鐵木兒 bei4 er2 zhi1 jin1 tuo1 gu3 si1 tie3 mu4 er2	1378-1387	Tianguang (天光 tian1 guang1) 1378-1387
Note: ....5 more khans before the Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin family stepped down from the khan throne....

The imperial family belongs to the Borjigin clan of the Kiyan superclan.

name transliteration form Mongolian:

Temür Öljeytü Khân (cheng)
Qayshan Gülük Hai-Shan (wu)
Ayurparibhadra Ayurbarwada (ren)
Suddhipala Gege'en Shidebala (ying)
Yesün-Temür (tai ding di)
Arigaba Aragibag (tian shun di)
Jijaghatu Toq-Temür (wen)
Qoshila Qutuqtu (ming2)
Rinchenpal Irinchibal (ning2)
Toghan-Temür (shun di)
? (zhao)
Togus-Temür (last with era name)