Exploration of the High Alps
The higher region of the Alps were long left to the exclusive attention of the men of the adjoining valleys, even when Alpine travellers (as distinguished from Alpine climbers) began to visit these valleys.
It is reckoned that about 20 glacier passes were certainly known before 1600, about 25 more before 1700, and yet another score before 1800; but though the attempt of P.A. Arnod (an official of the duchy of Aosta) in 1689 to "re-open" the Col du Ceant may be counted as made by a non-native, we do not come upon another case of the kind till the last quarter of the 18th century. Nor did it fare much better with the high peaks, though the two earliest recorded ascents were due to non-natives, that of the Rochemelon in 1358 having been undertaken in fulfilment of a vow, and that of the Mont Aiguihe in 1492 by order of Charles VIII of France, in order to destroy its immense reputation for
inaccessibility -- in 1555 Conrad Gesner did not climb Pilatus proper, but only the grassy mound of the Gnepfstein, the lowest and the most westerly of the seven summits. The two first men who really systematically explored the regions of ice and snow were H.B. de Saussure (1740-1799), as regards the Pennine Alps, and the Benedictine monk of Disentis, Placidus a Spescha (1752-1833, most of whose ascents were made before 1806), in the valleys at the sources of the Rhine. In the early 19th century the Meyer family of Aarau conquered in person the Jungfrau (1811) and by deputy the Finsteraarhorn (1812), besides opening several glacier passes, their energy being entirely confined to the Bernese Oberland. Their pioneer work was continued in that district, as well as others,
by a number of Swiss, pre-eminent among whom were Gottlieb Studer (1804-1890) of Bern, and Edouard Desor (1811-1882) of
Neuchatel. The first-known English climber in the Alps
was Colonel Mark Beaufoy (1764-1827), who in 1787 made an
ascent (the fourth) of Mont Blanc, a mountain to which his
fellow-countrymen long exclusively devoted themselves, with
a few noteworthy exceptions, such as Principal J.D. Forbes
(1809-1868), A.T. Malkin (1803-1888), John Ball (1818-1889),
and Sir Alfred Wills (b. 1828). Around Monte Rosa the Vincent
family, Josef Zumstein (1783-1861), and Giovanni Gnifetti
(1801-1867) did good work during the half century between
1778 and 1842, while in the Eastern Alps the Archduke John
(1782-1850), Prince F.J.C. von Schwarzenberg, archbishop
of Salzburg (1809-1885), Valentine Stanig (1774-1847), Adolf
Schaubach (1800-1850), above all, P.J. Thurwieser (1789-1865),
deserve to be recalled as pioneers in the first half of the 19th
century. In the early fifties of the 19th century the taste
for mountaineering 1apidly developed for several very different
reasons. A great stimulus was given to it by the foundation
of the various Alpine clubs, each of which drew together the
climbers who dwelt in the same country. The first was the
English Alpine Club (founded in the winter of 1857-1858),
followed in 1862 by the Austrian Alpine Club (which in 1873
was fused, under the name of the German and Austrian Alpine
Club, with the German Alpine Club, founded in 1869), in 1863
by the Italian and Swiss Alpine Clubs, and in 1874 by the
French Alpine Club, not to mention numerous minor societies
of more local character. It was by the members of these clubs
(and a few others) that the minute exploration (now all but
complete) of the High Alps was carried out, while much has
been done in the way of building club huts, organizing and
training guides, &c., to smooth the way for later comers,
who benefit too by the detailed information published in the
periodicals (the first dates from 1863 only) issued by these
clubs. Limits of space forbid us to trace out in detail
the history of the exploration of the High Alps, but the two
sub-joined lists give the dates of the conquest of about fifty
of the greater peaks (apart from the two climbed in 1358 and
in 1402, see above), achieved before and after 1st January
1858. As a proof of the rapidly-growing activity of Englishmen,
it may be pointed out that while before 1858 only four summits
(the Mittelhorn, or central peak of the Wetterhorner, the
highest point of Monte Rosa, Laquinhorn and Pelmo) were
first ascended by Englishmen, in the case of the second list
only five (Grand Combin, Wildspitze, Marmolata, Langkofel
and Meije) were not so conquered (if the present writer, an
American, be included among the English pro hac vice.)