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Contents
Bismuth
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| General |
| Name, Symbol, Number | Bismuth, Bi, 83 |
| Chemical series | True metals[?] |
| Group, Period, Block | 15 (VA), 6 , p |
| Density, Hardness | 9780 kg/m3, 2.25 |
| Appearance | lustrous
reddish white |
| Atomic Properties |
| Atomic weight | 208.98038 amu |
| Atomic radius (calc.) | 160 (143) pm |
| Covalent radius | 146 pm |
| van der Waals radius | no data |
| Electron configuration | [Xe]4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 |
| e- 's per energy level | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 |
| Oxidation states (Oxide) | 3, 5 (mildly acidic) |
| Crystal structure | Rhombohedral |
| Physical Properties |
| State of matter | Solid |
| Melting point | 544.4 K (520.3 °F) |
| Boiling point | 1837 K (2847 °F) |
| Molar volume | 21.31 ×10-3 m3/mol |
| Heat of vaporization | 104.8 kJ/mol |
| Heat of fusion | 11.3 kJ/mol |
| Vapor pressure | 0.000627 Pa at 544 K |
| Speed of sound | 1790 m/s at 293.15 K |
| Miscellaneous |
| Electronegativity | 2.02 (Pauling scale) |
| Specific heat capacity | 122 J/(kg×K) |
| Electrical conductivity | 0.867 106/m ohm |
| Thermal conductivity | 07.87 W/(m×K) |
| 1st ionization potential | 703 kJ/mol |
| 2nd ionization potential | 1610 kJ/mol |
| 3rd ionization potential | 2466 kJ/mol |
| 4th ionization potential | 4370 kJ/mol |
| 5th ionization potential | 5400 kJ/mol |
| 6th ionization potential | 8520 kJ/mol |
| Most Stable Isotopes |
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| SI units & STP are used except where noted. |
Bismuth is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Bi and atomic number 83. This is heavy, brittle, white crystalline trivalent true metal[?] that has a pink tinge and chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Most diamagnetic of all metals, bismuth has the lowest thermal conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead-free bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics and in medical procedures.
Before 2003, Bismuth was thought to be the heavest stable element, however research at the Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale[?] in Orsay[?], France calculated the alpha emission half-life of the metal to be (1.9 +/- 0.2) × 1019 years. It is is a brittle metal with a pinkish hue with an iridescent tarnish. Among the heavy metals, it is the heaviest and the only non-toxic. No other metal is more diamagnetic than bismuth, except mercury. This metal, which occurs in its native form, has a high electrical resistance and also has the highest Hall effect of any metal (that is, it has the greatest increase in electrical resistance when it is placed in a magnetic field). When heated in air bismuth burns with a blue flame and its oxide[?] forms yellow fumes.
Bismuth oxychloride[?] is extensively used in cosmetics and bismuth subnitrate[?] and subcarbonate[?] are used in medicine. Other uses;
"Bismanol[?]" (MnBi) is a strong permanent magnet.
- Bismuth alloys have low-melting temperature and are widely used for fire detection and suppression system safety devices.
- Bismuth is used in producing malleable irons and is finding use as a catalyst for making acrylic fibers.
- Also used as a thermocouple material.
- A carrier for U-235 or U233 fuel in nuclear reactors.
- Bismuth has also been used in solders.
In the early 1990s, research began on the evaluation of bismuth as a nontoxic replacement for lead in such uses as ceramic glazes, fishing sinkers, food processing equipment, free-machining brasses for plumbing applications, lubricating greases, and shot for waterfowl hunting.
Bismuth (German Weisse Masse meaning "white mass"; later Wisuth and Bisemutum) was confused in early times with tin and lead due to its resemblance to those elements. In 1753 Claude Geoffroy Junine[?] showed that this metal is distinct from lead.
Bismuthinite[?] and bismite[?] are the most important ores of bismuth. Canada, Bolivia, Japan, Mexico, and Peru are major producers. Bismuth produced in the United States is obtained as a by-product of copper, gold, lead, silver, tin and especially lead ore processing. The average price for bismuth in 2000 was US$ 3.50 per pound.
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