• American Civil War
• French occupation of Mexico
• Italy's wars for national unity
• Catholicism Reaction against Higher Criticism[?] and liberal movement in Europe

World Leaders

• Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
• Emperor Napoleon III (France)
• King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
• Pope Pius IX
• Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
• Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)
• Prime Minister Lord Palmerston (United Kingdom)
• Prime Minister Lord Derby (United Kingdom)
• Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
• President James Buchanan (United States)
• President Abraham Lincoln (United States)
• President Andrew Johnson (United States)