• Nationalistic independence movements helped reshape the world during this decade:
  • Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Empire.
  • Several countries declared their independence from Spain and Portugal:
    • Brazil
    • Colombia
    • Mexico
• The United Provinces of Central America were formed in 1823.

World Leaders

• Emperor Francis II (Austria)
• Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
• King Louis XVIII (France)
• King Charles X (France)
• Pope Pius VII
• Pope Leo XII
• Emperor Alexander I (Russia)
• Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
• King George IV (United Kingdom)
• President James Monroe (United States)
• President John Quincy Adams (United States)